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Cody Harris World History – 3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  March 24, 2002 Chapter 21 Vocabulary 1. Philip II- son of Charles V, he inherited Spain, and Spanish Netherlands, and the American colonies. He was shy, serious and deeply religious. When the king of Portugal died without an heir, he gained the empire by being a nephew. His empire provided him with a enormous wealth. He also helped to drive the Muslims out of Spain. 1588, he launched the Spanish Armada but was defeated. 2. El Greco- real name Domenikos Theotokopoulos but called by the Greeks as El Greco meaning â€Å"the Greek†. His art often puzzled the people of his time. He used brilliant colors, sometimes clashing. His paintings showed deep Catholic faith of Spain, painting saints and martyrs as huge long-limbed figures that have a supernatural air. 3. Divine Right- the idea that God created the monarchy and that the monarch acted as God’s representative on earth 4. Absolute monarch- kings or queens who believed that all power within their state’s boundaries rested in their hands. 5. Edict of Nantes- a declaration that the Huguenots could live in peace in France and set up their own houses of worship in some cities. 6. Cardinal Richelieu- the ruler, in effect, of France under Louis XIII (1624), he had been a hard-working leader of the Catholic Church in France. He tried sincerely to lead according to moral principles, he was also ambitious and enjoyed exercising authority. He moved against the Huguenots, believing that Protestantism often served as an excuse for political conspiracies. He also sought to weaken the nobles’ power. He ordered nobles to take down their fortified castles. He increased the power of government agents who came from the middle class. He also wanted to make France the strongest state in Europe, and in order to do this he involved France in the Thirty Years’ War. 7. Skepticism- the idea that nothing can ever be know for certain 8. Descartes- a brilliant thinker wrote Meditations of First Philosophy. Later became an important role in the Enlightenment. 9. Louis XIV- the most powerful ruler in French history. His reign began as a 5-year-old boy. He became king in 1643, with the true ruler of France being Cardinal Mazarin, since Louis was so young. Mazarin’s greatest triumph was ending the Thirty Years’ War in 1648. Louis gained control at the age of 23 when the cardinal died. He made it a point to be surrounded by nobles for two reasons, it made the nobility totally dependent on Louis.

Religion and Witchcraft Essay

The book â€Å"The Crucible† outlines the era in which Salem, where the plot took place is maneuvered by set of religious practices that must be strictly followed. These days, there is only one basis for righteousness, and allegiances are only between church as the protagonist, or question the church and its people and become looked upon as bad citizens. As such, the ten commandments is the central point wherein the people and the church base their criteria for being right. This fact, was detailed in the book, wherein John Proctor was accused of being not a Christian just because he does not regularly attend Church masses. This showed lack of reasoning from the people, no one attempted or understood how Proctor justified himself from doing so. It is only a case wherein, â€Å"everyone belongs to either God or the Devil. † This quote merely states that when someone does something, it is entirely based on being good or evil, nothing should go halfway between it. This kind situation in this era have pushed the people to discover new ways of interpreting their beliefs or disbeliefs in some cases. The emergence of the idea of witchcraft became a necessary evil that shall offer explanation to the people’s questions. For example, the deaths of Putman’s babies after birth were attributed against the existences of witches. This happened because no one was able to offer any explanation, and thus they retorted towards putting the blame on someone, or something else in order to provide explanations for those occurrences. II. Witchcraft Discovered As narrated in the book, the outbreak of witchcraft’s discovery in the Salem caused massive disturbances amongst the people. The witch hunt and trials that came after the so-called discovery of witches in the town has become a practice that sought for revenge rather than truth. The whole trial became a mockery of the disbeliefs of the people and the fact that no one could explain how things happened around them. â€Å"The witch-hunt was a long overdue opportunity for everyone so inclined to publicly express his guilt and sins, under the cover of accusations against the victims. † (Miller 7) This quotation from the books explains exactly how the trial turned out. As the book expounded, the character Abigail, who was the first to be suspected and who first confessed as having been involved in witchcrafts, was the first to pinpoint â€Å"witches† in the town. Abigail however, used this as a means to punish people who have offended her. She used her â€Å"dark† charm and manipulative ability to lure people into believing her. She has used the town’s fear to her gain and nurtured the growing chaos in the community to preserve her advantage. This misinformation about witchcraft and the religion’s constraints that limited the people to know more about the situation has lead the town to vulnerability. It caused the people more tension and fear and lead to the sufferings of people being accused, and death to those who were not convinced to lie and confess about the accusations. The death of Proctor and Corey is a significant part of the story. It teaches people the value of upholding one’s integrity and principle to save loved ones from further humiliation and injustices. It shows the value of upholding truth even if it meant dying. In this light, as religion has pushed people towards misinformation and disillusionment, people should learn from the story. Innocence and narrow-mindedness has caused detrimental effects not only to one’s self but in the society as a whole. Therefore, as religion becomes part of our life, it mustn’t dictate the way of living in general. Work Cited Miller, Arthur. The Crucible. New York: Penguin, 1995.

The Effects of Forgiveness on Mental Health Essay

Forgiveness has been defined in many ways by psychologists and researchers with no one universal definition. Hill (as cited in Maltby, Day and Mackaskill 2001) state that it is widely agreed that forgiveness involves a willingness to abandon resentment, negative judgement and indifferent behaviour towards the person who has hurt them Although research is recent, from the last 15 years, it has helped develop our understanding of forgiveness . Research has shown that forgiveness gives positive mental health and prevents the development of mental disorders such as anxiety, depression and stress. Two major models of forgiveness are Enright’s model and Worthington’s (2001) pyramid model to REACH forgiveness. Both these models involve steps and†¦show more content†¦In the work phase the individual will feel empathy toward the offender. Finally in the deepening phase involves awareness of decreased negative affect, maybe an increase in positive affect. This model was proposed to promote forgiveness in individuals and was developed from empirical research. If forgiveness can be given this will improve an individual’s mental health as the model suggests and empirical evidence proves support this from a series of studies which had consistent findings to support the argument that forgiveness does indeed give improved mental health. Hebl and Enright (1993) conducted a study on elderly females who had suffered from various injusticies such as spousal conflict and overmedication to show forgiveness can be induced and with therapeutic goals. Further findings come from Coyle and Enright (1997) who used a forgiveness intervention on males who had been hurt by a partners abortion who found forgiveness lead to reductions in anger, anxiety and grief, therefore forgiving does have a positive effect on mental health. A second study by Al-Mabuk, Enright and Cardis (1995) on students who had been love deprived. In an experimental group where the students went through seventeen steps of the process model had decreased anxiety and improved their attitude towards their mother/father All the above intervention studies concluded that forgiveness can beShow MoreRelatedWhen It Comes To Forgiveness, Because There Really Is No1401 Words   |  6 Pagescomes to forgiveness, because there really is no set and stone definition of forgives, there are no specific steps to forgiveness. Forgiveness is not an easy task, and it takes time for an individual to heal (Rotter, 2001). There are many different aspects that play into forgiving a situation. While forgiveness is seen as an attempt to overcome a situation that has caused unhappy feeling and thoughts, change requires a few different thing. There is no specific set of steps to forgiveness, each modelRead MoreBenefits And Benefits Of Forgiveness1308 Words   |  6 PagesOne the other hand, there are various benefits from forgiveness. An individual who is more opt to forgiving is more likely to have better mental, physical, and emotional health. When an individual grants forgiveness, it is seen to build on the core of empathy which involves positive emotional, behavioral, and cognitive responses (Witvliet et al., 2001). Bringing upon a more positive and healthy mental, physical, and emotional well-being. When an individual forgives another, they release themselvesRead MorePersuasive Essay : The Power Of Forgiveness?701 Words   |  3 PagesWestover English 1301 Nov 6th 2017 The Power of Forgiveness Jonathan Lockwood Hule once said, â€Å"Forgive others, not because they deserve forgiveness, but because you deserve peace.† Not forgiving only means that you’re hurting yourself. Forgiveness is one of the most difficult things that one can do in their lives, but there are myriad of things to do if you want to feel free in your life. 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It relieves fears and