Family Business Free Essay Example, 2000 words

They propose that better approaches are those that equally optimize family-business association. The approaches lead to the rise of unique resources that permit the family company to enjoy individual competitive advantages and at the same time controlling challenges and issues that confront them. The challenge faced by the family business in joint optimization is the possibility of becoming out-of-sync in regard to the life cycle and time. Statistics indicate that the survival rates of family-owned business are very low; very few family businesses go up to the fourth generation (Poza 2009, p179). The second phase, the growth phase lies within the organizational maturity. The third stage is the mature stage and in this stage, the business is a representation of a sophisticated set of stakeholders. The stage generally represents the overall growth of the family business in terms of the stakeholders such as the banks, family members who have worked in the company, substantial contribution from the key nonfamily managers, investors, and other family members with emotional and financial interests, the government, and the low-level employees. The stage can fail when the family-controlled business are weighed down by the sophistication of the stakeholder base (Poza 2009, p179). We will write a custom essay sample on Family Business or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Corporate Governance of a Healthy Family Business Corporate governance in a family business refers to the set of legal, cultural, social, and administrative determinant features of control, ownership, and management of the family enterprises. It is important to note that the concept of corporate governance is a difficult one for the family enterprises. Many family enterprises have the notion that corporate governance is thought to apply only to the large companies. However, the notion is wrong since corporate governance is â€Å"a broader philosophical view of rethinking for any sized organization, an essential set of tools and rules vital to their survival and growth in this very competitive and changing world market† (Kaslow 2006, p121). The establishment of a family council is vital for the family business in this present age. It is as important as the formation of shareholders agreements, a board of directors, and other related stakeholders for the business (Kaslow 2006, p121). Ayub and Duguid (2011, p2) state that the success of a family business lies within effective governance and good communication. These two elements are able to address problems arising from the complex between the business and the family and within the family.

Mental Health And Academic Success - 1089 Words

Mental health problems among students is an important but highly unexplored topic. The pressures for college level students to succeed while balancing financial, social and academic changes has yet to be studied at a level which directly correlates mental health status with success or failure. A stable or healthy mental health is thought to lead to higher success rates in academia and if so, how to help students achieve a stable mental state is essential in ensuring student reach their highest potential. Mental health awareness among students is essential in providing vital care and ultimately encouraging academic success. To begin to find a relationship between the two we must first ask what does a stable mental state look like. After comparing the two, it is important to also ask what affects a student s mental state? What situations or issues cause students the most stress, and lastly how does mental instability coincide graduation rates. Villagomez 3 Running Head: Mental Health and Academic Success An increase in mental disorders among students calls for a college-wide policy in order to bring awareness and should be dependent on the coordination and combination of students and faculty. Reports of alarming rates in deaths caused by substance abuse, homicide, murder-suicides, and suicide among college students have also increased (O’Connor, 2001)1. In a report by USA TODAY, 620 deaths of four year college and university students from 2000 to 2005 based on publicShow MoreRelatedDoes Physical Activity Affect Scholastic Performance? Essay1702 Words   |  7 Pagesaspects of health, like mental health. Physical activity is important for more than a person’s physical health, it also influences their different behaviors. Young kids need physical activity ingrained into their everyday lifestyle in order to normally function because it is so essential to other aspects of a human being. 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This was not an isolated phenomenon, but rather a troubling position shared across the nation. College presidents and deans fail to recognize the growing need for increased mental health services and academic support. Disability and counseling services are frequentlyRead MoreChild And Adolescent P sychiatric Disorders And Their Daily Functioning863 Words   |  4 PagesMental Health is not merely the absence of psychopathology, but the presence of sufficient levels of emotional, psychological, and social well-being (Keyes, 2002). Over the lasts 20 years, there has been a shift in understanding the epidemiological study of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders and their daily functioning. 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With the obstacle of mental illness in my way, I found the task of graduating high school and moving on to college to be a mammoth that I felt not healthy enough to conquer. In the second half of my high school career, I found myself in physical and mental states so poor that I missed approximately one third of my desk hours in my junior year. The possib ility of returning to school, letRead MoreA Brief Note On The State Of Florida1305 Words   |  6 Pageslevels, and stages of academic achievement. The county has an estimated population of 81% Caucasian, 10% African-American, 0.7% Native American, 3.2% Asian, 0.3% Pacific Islander, and 8.5% Hispanic/Latino races. Okaloosa County Health Education curriculum objectives are aligned with the Florida Core Standards, and the Nation Health Education Standards. They line up equally with very similar information and they aren’t missing any points from both of those standards. 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Therefore, there is an immense amount of pressure involved when it comes to going to college and students tend to get extremely overwhelmed. In order to have a successful career and transition into college, one must maintain a healthy state of mental health. Mental health can be negative or positive

Reality Shows Free Essays

Does anyone remember when he or she starts to become so thirsty for what those ordinary people do In grocery stores or why they cheat on their lovers? Our curiosities turn Into the most powerful Incentive of TV producers to keep contriving such shows In order to fulfill the voyeurs who sit lazily on the couch In front of television everyday. We look Into three fundamental principles of reality programs to analyze the relationship between viewers and reality shows: why reality shows are so appealing to American, how those shows affect both on mentalities of ewers and in the society, and what’s the purpose for reality shows to exist nowadays. Exciting and unusual things can easily capture our attentions, especially something that barely happens in our daily lives but occurs every episode in reality shows, that’s why reality shows become so appealing to the audience. We will write a custom essay sample on Reality Shows or any similar topic only for you Order Now The audience is picky nowadays, and the TV producers knew it intelligently from the beginning. Not only need to create an impeccable content of the show, more importantly, the show must be accompanied by some dramatic and intense storyline to cater to audience’s reference. Furthermore, the fad that people chat with coworkers in their break time in the office about the reality show and scorn the artificial plot that they watched last night has become a pastime of work. Even though most of the time we can tell lucidly that those exaggerated plots in the show are premeditated, we seem to enjoy indefatigably anticipating the foreseen disasters from the show. For example, American Next Top Model, a popular fashion competition show in America. The main conception of this show is to explore a super model after several deferent intentions and challenges. If you think that’s all about the show, you are totally wrong. The reason why the show becomes so alluring from 2003 is because people enjoy watching the lives in the luxurious dormitory of competitors In the show, and they usually form groups in the dorm and always argue with each other. The show used to be Just exploring female models, but these two seasons started to Include male models. Undoubtedly, as long as the show Involves males and females, It always contains the sexual relationship which appealing to audience. TV viewers need omitting that can thrill them In front of television as well as color their lives, and such stagy dramas exactly give them what they want. Nowadays, the unreal reality shows are more rampant than before, and the twisted thoughts, which convey through the shows that we watch everyday, have imperceptibly influenced our interpretations toward the reality in our minds and in Greener to explain how the reality shows affect viewers in different groups. For the most interesting part is how Waters analyzes that most of the occupations that we see in the reality shows are entertainers, athletes, and businessmen. A mere 6 to 10 percent of television characters hold blue-collar or service Job vs.. About 60 percent in the real work force† (Water 139), we can see the imbalance between the shows and the reality that will cause the misleading notion for teenagers before having Jobs. One of the noteworthy reality show, Keeping Up with the Sardinian, most of the stars in this show are famous entertainers and live a affluence life, but they still keep complaining about some trivial things. Every episode focuses on each of their daily lives, their parties, weddings, shopping, and working. Those extravagant expenses on everything gradually twist the value of viewers, making those young people to think about that being an entertainer can easily make lots of money and own a life like the Sardinian. Just like what Waters states, muff almost never see the farmer, the factory worker, or the small businessman† (Waters 140). The misleading thoughts from the reality shows barely give the truth of the real world that we have to face, and those thoughts especially root in adolescents’ minds. The reality shows is indispensable for the mass media nowadays since we canto eve without them anymore, and we also can barely avoid them when we turn on the TV. Reality shows seem to conform to every type of TV programs include adventure shows, celebrity shows, competition shows, and hidden camera shows etc. We find ourselves deeply addicted to season after season of reality shows, and TV producers make our dreams come true. The reality show isn’t Just a pure entertainment in our free time, but become a habit in our lives. More dramatic plots are premeditated for the audience, the higher rating the show will get from the viewers. How to cite Reality Shows, Papers Reality Shows Free Essays Reality television (also known as reality shows) is a television programming genre that presents unscripted situations, documents actual events and usually features unknowns instead of professional actors. Such shows usually have various standard tropes, including frequent interviews with participants that double as the show’s narration, and sometimes an emphasis on drama and personal conflict. Competition-based reality shows, a notable subset, often have additional common elements such as one participant being eliminated per episode, a panel of judges, and the concept of immunity from elimination. We will write a custom essay sample on Reality Shows or any similar topic only for you Order Now The genre began in earnest with shows such as Nummer 28 and Changing Rooms in the 1990s, then exploded as a phenomenon around 1999–2000 with the success of the series Big Brother and Survivor. [1] In the following years, these shows and a number of others (usually also competition-based) became global franchises, spawning local versions in dozens of countries. Reality television as a whole has become a fixture of television programming. In the United States, various channels have retooled themselves to focus on reality TV, most famously MTV, which began in the 1980s as a music video pioneer, before switching to a nearly all-reality format in the early 2000s. There are gray areas around what is classified as reality television. Documentaries, television news, sports television, talk shows and traditional game shows are usually not classified as reality television, even though they also feature non-actors in unscripted situations. Other genres that predate the reality television boom have sometimes been retroactively grouped into reality TV, including hidden camera shows such as Candid Camera (1948), talent-search shows such as The Original Amateur Hour (1948), documentary series about ordinary people such as the Up Series (1964), high-concept game shows such as The Dating Game (1965), home improvement shows such as This Old House (1979) and court shows featuring real-life cases such as The People’s Court (1981). There has been controversy over the extent to which reality television truly reflects reality. In many cases the entire premise of the show is a contrived one, based around a competition or another unusual situation. However, various shows have additionally been accused of using fakery in order to create more compelling television, such as having premeditated storylines and in some cases feeding participants lines of dialogue, focusing only on participants’ most outlandish behavior, and altering events through editing and re-shoots. [2][3] How to cite Reality Shows, Papers

Standardization free essay sample

1. A 0. 8234-g sample of KHP required 38. 76 mL of NaOH for titration to the phenolphthalein endpoint. What is the exact molarity of the NaOH solution? 2. A 25. 00-mL aliquot of an unstandardized HCl solution is titrated with the previously standardized NaOH solution from #1 above. If 32. 55 mL of NaOH titrant is required to reach the endpoint, what is the exact molarity of the HCl solution? 3. How accurately can you estimate the buret reading on a 50-mL buret that has calibration markings every 0. 1mL? (Circle the correct answer) a) 1 mL b) 0. 1 mL c) 0. 01 mL d) 0. 001 mL 4. Why should the sample size be such that not more than 50 mL of titrant is required to reach the endpoint? 5. What mass (in grams) of KHP should be used for the standardization of a NaOH solution that is approximately 0. 14 M NaOH if the volume of NaOH titrant used is to be about 45 mL? (Approximate calculation 2 sig. figs is adequate) Standardization of a NaOH Solution with Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate (KHP) Objective You will determine the concentration (standardize) of an unknown solution of NaOH using the primary standard, potassium hydrogen phthalate. Introduction Sodium hydroxide is hygroscopic and absorbs water from the air when you place it on the balance for massing. This water will prevent you from being able to find the exact mass of sodium hydroxide. In order to determine the exact concentration of a sodium hydroxide solution you must standardize it by titrating with a solid acid that is not hygroscopic. Potassium hydrogen phthalate, KHC8H4O4 (abbreviated KHP), is a non-hygroscopic, crystalline, solid that behaves as a monoprotic acid. It is water soluble and available in high purity. Because of its high purity, you can determine the number of moles of KHP directly from its mass and it is referred to as a primary standard. You will use this primary standard to determine the concentration of a sodium hydroxide solution. The structure of KHP is shown below: When KHP and a base a reacted, a neutralization reaction occurs that is represented by the following equation: KHC8H4O4 (aq) + NaOH(aq) ? KNaC8H4O4 (aq) + H2O(l) The net ionic equation is: HC8H4O4-1(aq) + OH-(aq) ? C8H4O4-2 (aq) + H2O(l) The reaction can be considered to proceed completely to the right. If exactly equivalent amounts of acid or base are used so that neither reactant is present in excess the solution is said to be at the equivalence point. If only monoprotic acids and bases are used (those that furnish or react with one H+ per molecule), then at the equivalence point the number of moles of acid equal the number of moles of base (moles acid = moles base). An acid-base titration is a procedure used to compare the amount (moles) of acid in one sample with the amount (moles) of base in another. In this laboratory exercise you will carry out such a titration to standardize (determine the exact concentration of) a NaOH solution by measuring accurately how many milliliters of it are required to exactly neutralize a known amount of acid. A buret filled with the titrant (NaOH solution) is used to measure the volume of NaOH solution added to the known amount of acid in a flask. An indicator is added to signal the endpoint has been reached. The indicator is a weak acid (or base) itself and reacts with some of the titrant to produce the color change The endpoint occurs when all the acid has been neutralized and the solution composition changes suddenly from excess acid to excess base. When the endpoint is reached the addition of titrant should be stopped. Since the indicator reacts with some of the titrant and the indicator may not change at the exact pH of the equivalence point, a small error in introduced in the titration. This is minimized by using a small amount of a dilute solution of the indicator and by choosing an indicator that changes color close to the equivalence point pH. Most indicators are intensely colored so a dilute solution is sufficient for the titration. When acid is added to the indicator the equilibrium shifts to the left. Because the In-1 and Hin have different colors we can see this change. When a base is added to an indicator the hydroxide ions reacts with the molecules of indicator and form indicator ions. The reaction shifts to the right. OH-1(aq) + HIn(aq) ? In-1(aq) + H2O(l) Since different indicators have different Ka values they changes colors at different [H+1], and they can be used to indicate the hydrogen-ion concentration in a solution. A single indicator will tell us only whether the [H+] is greater than, less than, or about the same as its Ka value. You select the indicator according to the pH where you would like to see a color change. For example, phenolphthalein has a pKa of 9. 2. We would expect to see a color change in a solution having a pH of about 9. The two forms of phenolphthalein are shown below. Procedure 1. Mass accurately (to within 0. 0001 g) between 0. 7 and 0. 9 g of KHP into a tared plastic weighing dish. Note: If the mass of KHP taken exceeds 0. 9 g, the titration may require more than 50 mL of titrant, making it necessary to refill the buret and thereby introducing two more buret reading errors. 2. Use a plastic wash bottle with distilled water to rinse the sample from the weighing boat and transfer it quantitatively to the clean 250 mL flask. 3. Add enough water to bring the total volume to about 50 to 75 mL (Remember we are concerned only with the amount, in moles, of acid; the exact volume is not important). Swirl the flask and rinse down the sides of the flask to dissolve the sample. 4. Add 4 or 5 drops of phenolphthalein indicator to the flask. 5. Rinse the buret 2 or 3 times with small portions of NaOH solution before filling it. Make certain that all air bubbles have been flushed from the tip before taking the initial volume reading (the last lab class may have left the burets filled making the previous step unnecessary, however you should check for bubbles and a full tip). When reading the buret, use a buret reading card, avoid parallax (ask your teacher to demonstrate if you don’t know this concept), and estimate each reading to the closest 0. 01 mL. 6. Titrate the sample of KHP until the faint, pink endpoint is reached. Add the titrant rapidly at first, but slowly later as the endpoint is approached as indicated by the less rapid disappearance of the pink color as the added titrant mixes with the solution in the flask. Rinse down the sides of the flask to make sure that any splattered NaOH get a chance to react. Add the final increments dropwise, or even in half-drops washed from the buret tip with a few drops of water. The endpoint has been reached when a faint pink color persists throughout the mixed solution for about 30 seconds. Dissolving CO2 will produce carbonic acid, which will neutralize the excess NaOH and turn the phenolphthalein colorless if the titration too far overrun. Exercise care to avoid overshooting the endpoint (intense pinkish-red color). If you do accidentally overshoot the endpoint, weigh a fresh sample of KHP and repeat the titration. 7. Titrate two (or three, if time permits) separate weighed samples of KHP. 8. Calculate the moles of KHP, NaOH, and the molarity of the NaOH. Average the molarities from the different trials and calculate the percent error. Standardization of a NaOH Solution with Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate (KHP) Name:_____________________________________________________ Period:___________ Lab Partner:________________________________________________ Course:___________ Data Table Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Mass of KHP (g) Initial buret reading (mL) Final buret reading (mL) Volume of NaOH used (mL) Volume of NaOH used (L) Moles of KHP Moles of NaOH Molarity of NaOH Average Molarity of NaOH Accepted Molarity of NaOH Percent Error Sample Calculation: Discuss any sources of error that you encountered in the experiment.

The Sullivans matrix report Essay Example

The Sullivans matrix report Essay Sullivans matrix introduces different ways to classify the IT/IS environment of an organisation. Within this matrix, there are four environments: Traditional, Opportunistic, Complex and Backbone. The idea of this report is to describe how the IS/IT environment of Inditex fits into Sullivans matrix. According to Ward Peppard (2002) organisations with a traditional IT/IS environment have a highly centralised control of their IT resources. IS is not critical to the business and IT is solely used to improve efficiency on a system-by-system basis. McAfee (2004) raises many points in his article to suggest that the IT/IS of Inditex fits into this Traditional environment. Inditex see IT as merely an enabler for their business. McAfee (2004) confirms this theory as he states that The role of IT, then, is to support the process (McAfee, 2004). Ward Peppard state that within a Traditional environment, IT is simply used to support business processes and to improve the efficiency of the organisation. Another point which supports the theory is that Inditex have an excellent IT and business alignment. business goals always shape the companys use of technology, never vice versa (McAfee, 2004). This portrays Inditex as being entirely business-led where organisational goals invariably define technological innovation. This ethos confirms their desire not to waste money on new systems which do not provide a business value or solution to a specific business problem. McAfee relates to this theory as an inside-out approach. To sum up the arguments, Inditex has one principle which fully shows that their IT/IS environment is Traditional: computerisation is standardised and targeted. You can see this on the low IT budget which is estimated 0. We will write a custom essay sample on The Sullivans matrix report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Sullivans matrix report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Sullivans matrix report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer 5% of revenue and the IT staff of 50. Despite Inditexs focus on the Traditional environment, there are also subtle undertones of Sullivans other three IT/IS environments displayed within the organisation. For example, there are factors which show that elements of Inditexs IT/IS environment is Complex. They are dependent on their PDAs which can also be difficult to manage. In addition they are also largely decentralized, because each store manager has to manage his PDA. This is also the case with regards to their POS systems. Inditex is a company with branches around the world. This makes it difficult to manage each POS in every store. In some points, the IT/IS environment of Inditex also displays Opportunistic aspects. In the case of Inditex the attributes for a Complex and Opportunistic environment are very similar. However, one of the more important factors to consider is the teamwork and cooperation conducted within Inditex. Their success is mainly based on the decision making abilities of their staff. This strategy is ensured as technologists work with line managers to understand what the business requires and then start proposing solutions which shows that the workforce is closely integrated and dependent more upon teamwork and decision making than IT capabilities. This type of culture is defined by Ward Peppard (2002) as being an Opportunistic trait as they state that integration of systems occurs due to user-user cooperation occurs within this type of environment. We also examined whether Inditex had aspects of a Backbone IS/IT environment. This may be a factor as the business processes are highly customised, thus the stores may be dependent on PDAs for instance. However, we do not have enough information from the article to be sure whether traits of the Backbone environment exist within their structure. In the late 1990s when other organisations spent vast sums of money on new technologies, Inditex withheld a Traditional framework. Great success has ultimately been achieved while The relative absence of computers throughout Inditex is nothing short of amazing (McAfee, 2004). Inditex has minimized the use of technology to their business needs and therefore they perform efficiently. In our opinion it is not important to classify which IT/IS environment Inditex has. It is more important that the IT/IS environment matches the business environment and the business needs so that IT can become a value creator in the organisation. There are different types of information, which organisations have to handle. Examples of such information types include business process information (which documents any information about the processes of the organisation), information relating to physical-world observations (which relies on new technologies like GPS or RFID) and biological data containing biometrical information of their customers or employees. Government institutions also use public data like CCTV for public surveillance but the most important data types are those which indicates personal preferences or intentions which is often used by those within the retail market. Once these types of information have been collated, an organisational culture must be established to determine the way in which information should be stored, managed and shared within the organisation to adhere to the goals and objectives set out within the information strategy. Essential for the success of any information management strategy is the existence of an appropriate information culture. An information culture can be defined as the values, attitudes and behaviours that influence the way employees at all levels in the organization sense, collect, organize, process, communicate and use information. (Ward Peppard, 2002 p470) There are four types of information culture defined by Marchand (1995): Functional Culture Within this culture it is the managers prerogative regarding which information is made available to the staff. It also follows a hierarchical structure regarding information sharing. Sharing Culture In this culture there is flat structure which is utilised to encourage trust and openness in order to share information between management and staff members. This culture is based on emotions such as trust which can be either advantageous or detrimental to the operation of the organisation or department as these emotions can frequently change. Enquiring Culture This culture may be used as an effective prediction to provide guidance for future developments. It is based on a sharing culture where managers and staff collaborate while it enables the organisation to reduce the time-to-market of their products. Discovery Culture This culture adds to the enquiring culture and focuses on analysing the gathered information. This helps to provide the organisation with a view of changing environments, competitor performance, areas of possible expansion and potential market entry for the future etc. These cultures are mostly found as combinations in organisations. Organisations have different information assets and their staff members have different information needs. Therefore, in order to use these information assets appropriately you need a customised culture which is aligned to the information needs of the organisation. Tesco provide us with a good example of this cross-over in culture definition as information is generally produced at the managerial level and distributed amongst the workforce while it can also be shared amongst line managers and employees at all levels throughout the organisation. An enquiring culture is also used to develop certain areas of the business to enable future profitability while a discovery culture is in place for Tescos attempted entry into markets such as insurance, banking and Internet broadband. All of these points convey Tesco as a multi-culture organisation where different sectors of their business follow different cultures. As we have discussed, the behaviours and attitudes of a workforce can have a profound effect on the success of an organisations performance. For this reason, the information culture must match the requirements of employees in order to facilitate a successful information strategy. Trust and receptiveness are just two behavioural traits which must be monitored in order for employee acceptance. The importance of considering these factors is agreed by Ferguson et al. who state that sustainable competitive advantage will rely on two very human characteristics: insight and trust (Ferguson et al. , 2005 p58). From this point, we can conclude that the consideration of human aspects is vital for the strategic success of information and without an information culture, it can be very difficult to monitor and influence the behaviour and attitudes of the workforce. References Ferguson, G., Mathur, S., Shah, B. (2005). Evolving From Information to Insight. MIT Sloan Management Review, 46(2), 51-58. Marchand, D.A. (1995, 8 December). What is your companys information culture? Financial Times, pp. 10-11. Ward, J., Peppard, J. (2002). Strategic Planning for Information Systems. West Sussex, England: John Wiley Sons

Indian Castes and Feudal Japanese Classes (Comparison)

Indian Castes and Feudal Japanese Classes (Comparison) Although they arose from very different sources, the Indian caste system and the feudal Japanese class system have many features in common. Yet the two social systems are dissimilar in important ways, as well. Are they more alike, or more different? The Essentials Both the Indian caste system and the Japanese feudal class system have four main categories of people, with others falling below the system entirely. In the Indian system, the four primary castes are: Brahmins:  Hindu priestsKshatriyas:  the kings and warriorsVaisyas:  farmers, traders, and skilled artisans  Shudras  tenant farmers and servants. Below the caste system there were the untouchables, who were considered so impure that they could contaminate people from the four castes just by touching them or even being too close to them. They did unclean jobs such as scavenging animal carcasses, tanning leather, etc. The untouchables are also known as dalits or harijans. Under the feudal Japanese system, the four classes are: Samurai, the warriors​FarmersArtisansMerchants. As with Indias untouchables, some Japanese people fell below the four-tier system. These were the burakumin and hinin. The burakumin served essentially the same purpose as untouchables in India; they did butchering, leather tanning, and other unclean jobs, but also prepared human burials. The hinin were actors, wandering musicians, and convicted criminals. Origins of the Two Systems Indias caste system arose out of the Hindu belief in reincarnation. A souls behavior in its previous life determined the status it would have in its next life. Castes were hereditary and fairly inflexible; the only way to escape a low caste was to be very virtuous in this life, and hope to be reborn in a higher station the next time. Japans four-tier social system came out of Confucian philosophy, rather than religion. According to Confucian principles, everyone in a well-ordered society knew their place  and paid respect to those stationed above them. Men were higher than women; elders were higher than young people. Farmers ranked just after the ruling samurai class  because they produced the food that everyone else depended upon. Thus, though the two systems seem quite similar, the beliefs from which they arose were rather different. Differences between Indian Castes and Japanese Classes In the feudal Japanese social system, the shogun and the imperial family were above the class system. Nobody was above the Indian caste system, though. In fact, kings and warriors were lumped together in the second caste - the Kshatriyas. Indias four castes were actually sub-divided into literally thousands of sub-castes, each with a very specific job description. The Japanese classes were not divided in this way, perhaps because Japans population was smaller and much less ethnically and religiously diverse. In Japans class system, Buddhist monks and nuns were outside of the social structure. They were not considered lowly or unclean, just detached from the social ladder. In the Indian caste system, in contrast, the Hindu priestly class were the highest caste - the Brahmins. According to Confucius, farmers were far more important than merchants, because they produced food for everyone in society. Merchants, on the other hand, did not make anything - they simply profited off of trade in other peoples products. Thus, farmers were in the second tier of Japans four-tier system, while merchants were at the bottom. In the Indian caste system, however, merchants and land-holding farmers were lumped together in the Vaisya caste, which was the third of the four varnas or primary castes. Similarities between the Two Systems In both the Japanese and Indian social structures, the warriors and rulers were one and the same. Obviously, both systems had four primary categories of people, and these categories determined the sort of work that people did. Both the Indian caste system and Japanese feudal social structure had unclean people who were below the lowest rung on the social ladder. In both cases, though their descendants have much brighter prospects today, there continues to be discrimination against people who are perceived as belonging to these outcast groups. Japanese samurai and Indian Brahmins were both considered to be well above the next group down. In other words, the space between the first and second rungs on the social ladder was much wider than that between the second and third rungs. Finally, both the Indian caste system and Japans four-tiered social structure served the same purpose: they imposed order and controlled the social interactions among people in two complex societies. The Two Social Systems Tier Japan India Above the System Emperor, Shogun Nobody 1 Samurai Warriors Brahmin Priests 2 Farmers Kings, Warriors 3 Artisans Merchants, Farmers, Artisans 4 Merchants Servants, Tenant Farmers Below the System Burakumin, Hinin Untouchables

Security in the age of globlisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Security in the age of globlisation - Essay Example fight’ of realist, liberal and constructionist research programmes, the latter had been discussed with major focus on its social and economic processes. Since globalization is a spatial progress, it does not accommodate the principles of interdependence. Globalization materializes the circulation and interpenetration of people and ideas along with its material exchanges across cultures. The private and public spheres merge and collide in such an environment. Unlike in the case of economic and social aspects of globalization, the effects of security are harder to conceptualize and measure. It has to be analyzed and comprehended in contrast with the Cold War effects on security. The agency and scope of threat in the globalized world has grown out of all expectations that terms like global violence and human security has become common parlance. The security constituencies are defined at every level from the global to the regional to the individual. While the security providers remain nationally defined, the dimensions of threat in the international sphere have grown much beyond its aegis. However the scope of security is also widened in the age of globalization, since the post Cold War security precepts expand beyond national constrictions. The issues that are brought under such expanded security comprise diseases, global warming, ozone depletion, acid rain, bio-diversity loss and radioactive contamination. The ‘skill revolution’ among prospective terrorists has begun to pose a great threat as well. On a general societal level, despite the changing norms of security, globalization has made people both more aware and less decisive about intervent ion in ethnic conflicts. Non-Physical Security is the novel concept that had originated from globalization. When the existing security concepts are expanded to protection of information and technology assets, it gains a non-physical status. This includes greater information technology and smartness of weapons. Selling